1. Shutov, V.A., 1990a. Method for estimation of hydrological role and efficiency of snow retention and snow management. Water Resour., No. 1, pp. 44-53 (in Russian). Investigations have benen made of snow water contents, snow evaporation, snow melt and melt water infiltration on agricultural lands by snow retention in Russian and northern Kazakhstan prairies. Methods were developed to calculate snow evaporation and infiltration. A methodology was proposed based on experimental results to evaluate the efficiency of snow management measures. The latter can result in high infiltration capacity of partially frozen soils, meanwhile the some additional water losses can occur due to increasing evaporation from rough and contaminant snow. The hydro-meteorological conditions were determined by which the soil water replenishment as well as decreasing in overland flow may take place.

2. Shutov, V.A., 1990b. Modeling the spatial distribution of the snow cover based on the information- mapping analysis. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 2, pp. 106-113 (in Russian). Spatial distribution of the snow cover on an experimental catchment is simulated as the matrices of the local snow accumulation coefficients (LSAC) in cells of a regular grid. Calculation of LSAC is carried out using the empirical correlation between LSAC-values and binary logarithms of arbitrary ranks of the attributes of each cells which render the information on snow accumulation capacity of underlying surface. Ranging is based on experimental studies of snow cover spatial distribution at small basin scale. Proposed model called INFOMAP reflects observed details in snow accumulation in various relief and landscape conditions and even allows to simulate the snow distribution as both digital maps (matrices) and frequency curves.

3. Shutov, V.A. and M.A. Belolutskaja, 1990c. Evaluating the conditions for melt water infiltration by data on thermal properties of soil. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 12, pp. 93-100 (in Russian). Experimental data were obtained of laboratory studies of the thermal conductivity and also the phase composition (solid or liquid phase) of soil water by negative soil temperatures for three types of sod-podsolic soils of an experimental catchment. Estimates are calculated for the conditions of the water-impermeable layer in upper soil, and its distribution at the watershed area as well. Such estimation were taken into account the snow cover spatial variability as well as soil physical properties.

4. Shutov, V.A., 1991a. Influence of contamination of snow pack on its melting. Trans. of State Hydrol. Inst., 346 issue, pp. 75-86 (in Russian). Snow melt process was studied experimentally for both intact (relatively poor) and artificially contaminated snow cover. A non-linear dependence was received for the snow surface albedo by various concentration of the soil particles and coal ash. This relationship is necessary for snow melt and surface flow calculation in industrialized and urban areas.

5. Shutov, V.A., 1991b. Method for evaluation of the heat balance components during snow melt period. Trans. of State Hydrol. Inst., 346 issue, pp. 87-96 (in Russian). Method was developed for evaluation of the heat balance of melting snow cover based on the Monin - Obukhov's model for unstable surface boundary layer. It is proffered for those profile observation carried out with use of an automated system for data acquisition. Parameters of the model for near-to-stable conditions are determined by using the special iterative procedure. That diapason was defined of the Monin-Obukhov's parameter in which the scheme may be assumed as convergent.

6. Shutov, V.A., 1991c. Calculating the evaporation from snow cover by snow ridging on agricultural lands. Trans. of State Hydrol. Inst., 346 issue, pp. 35-45 (in Russian). Method is developed to predict the evaporation from the snow surface disturbed by snow plough on agricultural lands. Affecting factors are: (1) solar radiation income to a slope of a snow ridge of various exposure, (2) high roughness of the ploughed snow, (3) water vapor diffusion from soil through shallow snow pack amidst the snow ridges, (4) contamination of snow as well as its compression by plough. Results were received based on climatic observation data. They have been mapped for cereal crop productive areas of Russia and Kazakhstan.

7. Shutov, V.A., 1993a. Snowmelt simulation. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 4, pp. 20-27 (in Russian). A method was proposed for simulation of snowmelt based on the heat balance approach. It was developed for that case when only standard meteorological observation data are at hand. Stability conditions of the surface boundary layer were taken into account using the "bulk"-scheme for the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes. Snow melt variations during a day may be evaluated as overland flow from an impermeable (concrete) plot. Such diurnal courses of the water yield from snow were described parametrically and classified by three types.

8. Kapotov, A.A. and V.A. Shutov, 1993. Methodology and results of the soil moisture investigations using neutron scattering probe. - Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 12, pp. 88-93 (in Russian). The neutron probe method was improved for the purpose of operational observations at a point to accelerate the procedure of measurements in experimental catchment equipped with 16 observation sites (tubes). An optimal sample of the depth levels was established to evaluate the soil water content as averaged by a soil profile. The data were obtained on soil moisture spatial distributions and in-time variability for two summer seasons with highly contrast moistures.

9. Shutov, V.A., 1993b. An experience of estimation of the climatic wetness indices by the data of an automated measurement system. - Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 10, pp. 114-118 (in Russian). A two-seasonal experience was to develop the Automated System for Data Sampling and Assimilation (ASDSA) for evapotranspiration measurements using profile and heat balance (the Bowen ratio) methods. Discussed are the atmospheric stability conditions, setting and installation of the sensors, measurement procedures, evaluation and correction of the errors, particularly in solar radiation flux.

10. Shutov, V.A. and I.L. Kaljuzhny, 1994. Analysis of the soil hydro-physical properties on an experimental catchment. - Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 7, pp. 103-109 (in Russian). Detailed analysis was carried out of soil physical properties of the experimental watershed Log Usadjevsky which serves as an object for long-term investigations. Soil samples have been as undisturbed columns out of three prevailed texture types of sod-podzolic mainly two-layered soil. The following properties have been studied in laboratory: soil density, saturation capacity, specific surface of the soil and, generally, the water conductivity and capillary pressure as depending on relative soil moisture. Data obtained were approximated as empirical equations and using van Genuchten's model which were specified for the examined soils. Then using the data these soil water properties have been interpolated into regular grid cells. Henceforth, a model representation has been developed of the soil cover structure of the watershed representative for the study area.

11. Shutov, V.A., 1994. Spatial distribution of snow water contents in drainage basins of forest zone. - Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 9, pp. 85-92 (in Russian). Observation data have been summarized on the ratio of snow water contents under forest canopy and at open areas in drainage basins of forest zone. Dependencies on forest species were obtained and specified for various thermal conditions of the winter seasons. Based upon this, the large-scale peculiarities of the snow cover distribution were exemplified for the Moskwa River basin. Experimental observations in small catchment Tajezhny Log were used to develop the informative-mapping model for the snow cover distribution. Such informative-mapping analysis developed earlier was successfully improved through a ranging the snow accumulation capacity of forest species.

12. Shutov, V.A., 1995. Snow cover on a field (open area) catchment: experiences of field and modeling studies, Water Resour., 22, No. 6, pp.. 645-652 (in Russian). The paper summarizes the results of five-year experimental studies as well as long-term (about 25 years) snow surveys in the small watershed Usadjevsky Log (0,45 km2). Spatial variability of snow water content was studied particularly. The method has been developed of informative-mapping analysis which enables to retrieve a near-real spatial picture of snow cover distribution at local scale. A model for snowmelt computation was developed based on heat balance equation with evaluating turbulent fluxes using the "bulk"-scheme. This model was proved using observation data on snow coverage and snow density as changing during snowmelt season. Results of simulation and observation are quite comparable both in-time dynamics and spatial distribution patterns.

13. Shutov, V.A. and A.A. Kapotov, 1996. Applied aspects of hydrological regionalization in northern Russia. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 3, pp. 104-112 (in Russian). Principal problems arisen in front of designer of the pipeline routes are: (1) calculation of extreme discharges and water stages for those rivers where the pipeline is laid transversely and (2) estimation of soil moisture and ground water flow using the appropriated soil water properties. Landscape conditions were studied for the area where the new gas pipelines are being built. Hydrological regionalization has been done using Euclidean metric as the measure of similarity of gauged river basins. Parameters required for the runoff calculation were obtained using regional correlation between runoff and physiographic factors. Soil map was digitized to render the structure of soil genetic and textural types along the route. Information was summarized on basic soil water properties such as soil water capacities, infiltration rate and water yield coefficient.

14. Shutov, V.A., 1996a. Calculating the infiltration and overland flow with use of joint frequency distribution of basic soil water properties. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 5, pp. 97-103 (in Russian). Experimental data are used to compose a joint probability density function (joint PDF) of those soil physical properties which are responsible for surface runoff generation. These properties were represented earlier as a three dimensional grid model of the soil cover for an experimental watershed. As was found, the PDF is two-modal with the main and secondary extremes that corresponds to prevailed two-layered soil texture of the area. An approach is proposed to calculate the overland flow as probabilistically distributed by using the modified Green-Ampt equations and the above joint PDF for soil moisture and water conductivity of under-laying horizon.

15. Kapotov, A.A., N.I Kapotova and V.A. Shutov, 1996. Soil hydro-physical information for support decision in the engineering for large linear construction. Pochvovedenie (Soil Sci.), No. 9, с. 1089-1097 (in Russian). Methods were proposed to study interrelations between the empirical indices providing a necessary parameters for ecological support of engineering of the large linear constructions such as pipelines, highways, etc. These methods were used in construction engineering of a new gas pipeline. Regionalization was based on genetic and textural types of soil cover along the pipeline route. Special attention was paid to those soils inherent to forested areas. A method was proposed to evaluate the water yield coefficients by using only soil water capacity and soil density data that is of interest just for construction of the pipe under ground.

16. Shutov, V.A., 1996b. Interpolation and mapping of snow water contents in river watersheds with allowance for elevation. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 10, pp. 67-74 (in Russian). Based on experimental observations in a number of drainage basins, the spatial distribution of snow cover was studied. Snow water content depends on elevation, as was found for hilly areas of European Russia. The data were examined obtained by special snow surveys in the Moskwa River basin where the snow survey courses have been located in nodes of a regular grid 10x10 km, that allows to find the empirical structural function (semi-variogram) for snow water content. The optimal interpolation procedure was developed with taking that structural function as well as elevation into account to map the snow water contents as distributed over river basins.

17. Shutov, V.A and I.L. Kaljuzhny, 1997. Analysis of spatial distribution of winter precipitation and snow in the Belaja river basin (southern Urals Mountains). Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 1, pp. 105-114 (in Russian). Using the materials of long-term observations at about 80 sites, the analysis was performed of spatial distribution of winter precipitation amount and snow water content in the Belaja river basin (south Urals Mts.). Nine regions were distinguished there by different "elevation-snow" relationships that corresponds to different landscapes and slope aspects. Optimal interpolation of the snow water content was implemented to improve the spring flood prediction. As was found, the snow water equivalent may not be evaluated correctly using only solid precipitation, because of influence of the snow drifting on that part of the basin which is situated at open plain area.

18. Shutov, V.A., 1997. Solar radiation factors of snowmelt. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 9, pp. 94-103 (in Russian). In addition to the earlier developed model, the methods has been suggested for an indirect evaluation of solar radiation income to a snow surface. Long-term data are used obtained by using the radiation flux recorder. On this basis, the empirical equations have been proposed for calculation of global solar radiation by sunshine duration as well as for snow surface albedo as changing in snowmelt period. The above snowmelt model has been validated considering influences of topography in a small experimental catchment. Decisions were made on how to improve the snowmelt calculations when the observed data on solar radiation are lacking.

19. Shutov, V.A. 1998a. Experience in and problems of the development in evapotranspiration studies. Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 1, pp. 82-93 (in Russian). Results of long-term (20 years more) experimental lysimetric studies of land surface evaporation at Valday were summarized. Empirical relationship between evaporation and soil moisture was found, that is of particular importance, non-linear. Water consumption curve has been found for crop species such as winter wheat, oaks, flax, meadow grass, clover and potatoes. The results were discussed of a short-term (only two season) experiments with the study of evaporation using the turbulent diffusion (profile) method. The method was realized with an automatic system for data sampling and assimilation (ASDSA). General problems were discussed on how to develop a new operational forecasting procedure for evaporation.

20. Shutov, V.A. 1998b. Methods for analysis of multi-scale spatial distribution of snow water contents, Bull. of Russian Academy of Sciences, No. 1, pp. 122-132 (in Russian). This paper summarizes all the investigation of the snow cover which were implemented for the last years. Spatial distribution of snow cover has been examined particularly. Correlation between snow cover and the terrain altitude for the uplands of the European part of Russia has been determined. The methodology has been grounded for interpolation of the snow water equivalent with taking into account the structural functions and elevation gradient. An original methodology INFOMAP has been proposed and improved, which allows to map the spatial distribution of the snow cover, based upon surface and relief characteristics, land use and plant cover data.

21. Shutov, V.A. and I.L. Kaljuzhny, 1998. State-of-the-art and some applied problems in snow cover studies. - Water Resour., 25, No. 1, pp. 34-42 (in Russian). State-of-the-art and the problems were substantiated which are recently arisen in snow cover investigations. Methods were reviewed of snow surveys and remote sensing of snow. An approach was proposed to evaluate the snow water contents accumulated under forest canopy. Methods are discussed of water balance estimation of snow drifting volumes using an example of investigation in northern Kazakhstan and ultimately northern Russia (the Yamal peninsula). Many of case studies were given for estimating the efficiency of snow management measures in Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Results were examined of experimental studies of snowmelt infiltration of melt water, soil moisture replenishment due to snow melt infiltration, etc.

22. Shutov, V.A., 1998c. Computation of infiltration by rain-induced runoff, Water Resour., 25, No. 4, pp. 440-447 (in Russian). Using the observation data on soil moisture, estimating the soil water conductivity, the analysis was performed of pluvial water infiltration and overland flow conditions over a small experimental catchment. The earlier obtained spatial joint probability density function (joint PDF) of basic soil properties provides the spatially distributed input to runoff model. Infiltration was calculated using the modified Green-Ampt - Mein-Larson equation with an allowance for the above joint PDF. Calculations were carried out of the parameter called soil water residence time (SWRT) which is responsible for ground water recharge and subsurface flow conditions.

23. Shutov, V.A., 1999. Use of the radar precipitation data in probabilistic computation of runoff , Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 3, pp.. 98-109 (in Russian). The ways are shown of how to use the radar precipitation in hydrology. The problems of application of the RP-data just to engineering hydrology, i.e. to probabilistic computations of runoff extremes, are formulated (probably for the first time). Some examples of data processing and statistical analysis were given. In particular, the spatial coverage is determined for those precipitation above some threshold values. Such "thresholding" allows to render discontinuous precipitation patterns that may be implant to a "pulse" model or the Poisson's model of flux of events. The problem is stated of coupled description of precipitation patterns and time series. A classification procedure based upon cluster analysis of individual precipitation fields was proposed, for that the necessary sample of parameters (attributes) was suggested to be evaluated.

24. Shutov, V.A., 2000. Cluster analysis and numerical taxonomy of river basins, Meteorol. and Hydrol., No. 1, pp. 90-100 (in Russian). Cluster analysis of river basin attributes was used to distinguish the homogeneous areas within the region in northern Russia subjected to computation of spring flood runoff. An algorithm was proposed based upon Euclidean metric in a multivariate "space" of attributes with subsequent separation of the most similar basins which may be appointed as the "germ" of the class. The taxonomy concept was suggested to separate watersheds from their multitude by special "definitive" attributes.

Shutov, V.A., 1999a. Study of spatial variability of snow water content and snow melt. - In "Experimental Hydrol. with Reference to Hydrol. Processes in Small Research Basins", Proc of the IHP-OHP Int'l Workshop, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2-6 June 1997, pp. 93-97. The summary is given of snow cover investigation results that were published earlier in Russian, see in the above list (Shutov, 1994, 1995, 1996b, 1998b).

Shutov, V.A., 1999b. Use of radar precipitation data for probabilistic runoff computations. - In "Experimental Hydrol. with Reference to Hydrol. Processes in Small Research Basins", Proc of the IHP-OHP Int'l Workshop, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2-6 June 1997, pp. 158-167. It is the summary of published in Russian (Shutov, 1999a) with some corrective remarks.

Shutov, V.A.and A.A. Kapotov, 1999. Experimental studies of melt runoff losses due to infiltration. - In "Experimental Hydrol. with Reference to Hydrol. Processes in Small Research Basins", Proc of the IHP-OHP Int'l Workshop, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2-6 June 1997, pp. 154-157. Represented are the infiltration during snowmelt as applied to calculation of spring runoff depth. Two principal methods were used in studies of infiltration: first is the water balance investigation on runoff plots, second is laboratory studies in big undisturbed columns of frozen soils. Two approaches were developed of how to describe the spatial distribution of infiltration parameters and infiltration losses, either statistically as frequency function or as deterministic patterns for an experimental watershed.

Marunich, S.V., S.F. Fedorov and V.A. Shutov, 1999. Experimental hydrological studies at Valday: history, results and perspectives. - In "Experimental Hydrol. with Reference to Hydrol. Processes in Small Research Basins", Proc of the IHP-OHP Int'l Workshop, St. Petersburg, Russia, 2-6 June 1997, pp. 4-11. A history and development of long-term observation at Valday was given with particular attention for the recent investigations in: precipitation and evaporation measurements, snow cover studies, soil physics, runoff generation in small experimental catchments, stream flow conditions, sediments, riverbed deformations, environmental monitoring of lake water bodies, hydrological role of the forest, human impact on water regimes, etc. Perspectives of investigations as well as international co-operation in experimental hydrology are discussed.

Shutov V.A. Direct and indirect evapotranspiration measurements and data processing. - In: Catchment hydrological and biochemical processes in the changing environment. - Proc. of the Lib-lice Conference (22-24 Sept., 1998). IHP-V Technical Documents in Hydrology, No. 37. UNESCO Press, Paris, 2000, pp. 237-249. Review on methods and data processing for evaporation measurements, in particular with use of the ASDSA.

Shutov, V.A., 2000. Snow cover in various relief and landscape conditions - In: D.L.Kane, Ed. "Water Resources in Extreme Environment" Proc. of the AWRA Spring Specialty Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 1-3 May 2000, pp. 19-24. Review on the snow cover studies and their applications.

Shutov, V.A., 2000. Processing the radar precipitation data for engineering hydrology - In: D.L.Kane, Ed. "Water Resources in Extreme Environment" Proc. of the AWRA Spring Specialty Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, USA, pp. 315-321. Brief information on the radar precipitation data processing as applied to hydrological calculations.

Shutov, V.A. and A.A. Kapotov, 2000. Applied hydrology for gas pipeline engineering - In: D.L.Kane, Ed. "Water Resources in Extreme Environment" Proc. of the AWRA Spring Specialty Conf., Anchorage, Alaska, USA, pp. 285-291. A case study in applied hydrology: delimiting the homogeneous regions, choice for the analogue drainage basins, flood flow calculations and, summary of the soil physical properties relevant to underground pipeline construction.

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